Homogeneous line parameters

Ro is the resistance of the forward and reverse wires;
Lo is the inductance of the loop formed by the direct and return wires;
go - conductivity (leakage) between the wires;
Co is the capacitance between the wires, or between the wires and ground (working capacitance).

Differential equations based on Kirchhoff's laws



If the power source is sinusoidal in nature and in line steady state



Instantaneous Voltage and Current



Ѳ - wave resistance argument



• Attenuation coefficient - α
• Phase ratio - β
• Wave propagation coefficient - γ
γ = α + jβ
• Characteristic or characteristic impedance - Zc
• Input resistance line Zin

Expressions for voltage and current are expressions describing a traveling wave moving in the direction of increasing or decreasing coordinate X and decaying in the direction of the wave movement.
Forward and reverse waves are a convenient technique for decomposing the resulting current and line voltage.