6 Age features of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs.

Circulatory system. Blood can perform vital functions only in continuous motion. The movement of blood in the body, its circulation is the essence of blood circulation.
The circulatory system includes: the heart, which acts as a pump, and the vessels through which blood circulates. The blood released by the heart through the arteries, their branches (arterioles) and capillaries enters the tissues and organs, then through the small veins (venules) and large veins returns to the heart. Thus, thanks to the blood circulation, oxygen, nutrients, salts, hormones, water are supplied to all organs and tissues, and metabolic products are removed from the body. The activity of all organs and the body as a whole is closely related to the function of the circulatory organs.
The heart is a four-chamber muscular organ consisting of 2 atria and two ventricles.
Age features of the cardiovascular system.
The smaller the child, the:
smaller sizes and volumes of different sections of the cardiovascular system;
the more frequent the frequency of contractions; So
1 day - 150 beats per minute.
1 year - 130 beats per min.
3 years - 110 beats per min.
7 years - 85-90 beats per minute.
12 years - 90 beats per min.
18 years - 80 beats per minute.
Adult -66-72 beats per minute.
the lower the functional capacity of the organism, which increases with age and fitness;
the less efficient and effective is the cardiovascular system;
however, the redundant and functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system are less.
Cardiovascular Hygiene
Hygiene of the cardiovascular system consists in observing the functioning norms of this system, i.e. in accordance with age features, to maintain the level - the norms of heart rate, the minimum and maximum blood pressure, the stroke volume (the amount of ml. of blood released into the bloodstream during the bottom reduction), the smaller amount of blood (IOC) - the amount of blood emitted after a minute For optimal functioning of the cardiovascular system, it is necessary to observe the following requirements:
observance of the correct mode of the day;
proper regulation of physical and mental stress. Based on this, a decrease in statistical loads and an increase in dynamic loads;
hardening, physical education and sports; prevention of bad habits; compliance with the rules of mental hygiene.
Breathing is a process of constant exchange of gases between the organism and the environment that is necessary for life. Through the respiratory system, oxygen enters the body, carbon dioxide and water vapors are removed from the body. Oxygen is necessary for the body to carry out oxidative processes, which are the main sources of energy.
External breathing of a newborn child is characterized by a frequent and not very stable rhythm, a uniform distribution of time between inhalation and exhalation, a small tidal volume, low air flow rate and short breathing pauses.
Respiratory rate in newborns ranges from 40 to 70 in 1 minute. During the first year of life, the child is in a state of physical shortness of breath.
With age, the frequency of respiratory movements decreases, the rhythm of breathing becomes more stable, the inspiratory phase becomes shorter in relation to the whole cycle, and the exhalation and breathing pause is longer. In newborns and infants diaphragmatic breathing is observed.
With the growth and development of the body, the total capacity of the lungs and its components change.
With age, the respiratory volume (DO) and the minute breathing volume (MOD) increase. Up to 8 years, ventilation of the lungs in girls and boys is about the same. At the age of 15-16 years of age DO corresponds to the size of adults. During puberty, an MOU may even exceed its size in adults.