1.9. EDUCATION AS A SYSTEM

In Russia, the functioning of the education system is defined by law “On Education”. It stresses that the education system in the Russian Federation is a combination of interacting:

• successive educational programs and state educational standards of various levels and orientation;

• a network of educational institutions implementing them, regardless of their organizational and legal forms, types and types;

• educational authorities and institutions and organizations under their jurisdiction;

• associations of legal entities, public and state-public associations operating in the field of education.

Educational programs determine the content of education of a certain level and orientation. General educational programs are aimed at solving the problems of forming the general culture of the individual, adapting it to life in society, and creating the basis for the conscious choice of professional educational programs by the individual. These include programs for pre-school, primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education. Professional educational programs are aimed at solving the tasks of consistently raising the professional and general educational levels, training specialists with appropriate qualifications. They are represented by programs of primary vocational, secondary vocational, higher vocational and postgraduate vocational education.

The state educational standard defines the mandatory minimum content of each educational program and performs the functions of maintaining the unity of the educational space and assessing the quality of education.

The implementation of educational programs is carried out in educational institutions. Educational institutions can be state (federal or in the jurisdiction of the subject of the Russian Federation), municipal, non-state (private, institutions of public or religious organizations (associations). They are divided into types: preschool; general education (primary general, basic general, secondary (full) general education); institutions of primary vocational, secondary vocational, higher vocational and postgraduate vocational education; institution I am an additional adult education; special (correctional) for students, pupils with developmental disabilities, institutions for orphans and children left without parental care; institutions of additional education for children, other institutions that carry out the educational process. Each type of educational institution is represented by different types Their characteristics are given in model regulations for educational institutions.

Management of the educational system is carried out by the federal bodies of state power and departmental bodies for the management of education, the bodies of state power of the subjects of the federation, the bodies of local self-government of municipal districts and urban districts, as well as the educational institutions themselves. The management of state and municipal educational institutions is based on the principles of unity of command and self-government.

The main principles of educational policy in Russia are: ensuring the humanistic nature of education, the priority of universal human values; unity of the federal cultural and educational space, protection and development of national cultures, regional cultural traditions and peculiarities; accessibility of education, adaptability of the education system to the levels and characteristics of the development and preparation of students, pupils; the secular nature of education in state and municipal educational institutions; freedom and pluralism in education; democratic, state-public nature of education management.

The education system is constantly in development. In 2004 The concept of modernization of the Russian education for the period up to 2010 was adopted, in which such priority directions of state policy in the field of education were highlighted, such as: ensuring the availability of high-quality general education; the formation of a modern system of continuous professional education; improving the quality of vocational education; increasing the investment attractiveness of education. A national education project was sent for their implementation.