Lecture
hotkeys for fast work
| Tab | Autocomplete path (for folders and files) when navigating |
| ↑ | Previous command |
| Ctrlc | Kill executable program (Cancel) |
| CtrlZ | Switch view from program. The commands fg, jobs, bg help manage the context |
| Q | Exit some programs (like man-help for example) |
Ctrl + Alt + T - open the Ubunutu terminal window
Alt + F2 application launch
Now the main part is to go through the file system, whether local or remote.
| ls | list of files and folders |
| cd | go to folder |
| pwd | find out which folder I'm in |
| tail | quick view of the end of the file (useful for logs) |
| cat | quick file browsing |
| tree -d -l 2 | two-level folder tree |
| find. -name * txt | search file by name |
| grep "needle" file.txt | pattern search |
| whoami | find out what user I am |
| uname -a | find out what the kernel is (and maybe the distribution) |
In order to go through the file system, it is necessary to understand by what principle the tree is built, and although it is slightly different in different distributions, the FSSTND standard is like this ..
| FSSTND Standard | Suse 11 | Mac OS 10.7 | Description |
| boot | mach_kernel | Bootloader files Lilo and the image of the kernel | |
| tmp | private / tmp | Temporary fails for the buta. The rest is in / var / tmp | |
| sbin | System commands needed when booting | ||
| bin | Custom commands needed when booting | ||
| proc | Virtual folder of kernel settings and processes | ||
| dev | Connected devices | ||
| mnt | Volumes | Accessible through file system devices | |
| lib | Public root-level libraries | ||
| etc | private / etc | Machine-specific configuration files | |
| root | private / var / root | Home folder of the main user | |
| home | Home folders of other users, including ftp, httpd, samba-services | ||
| usr | Static files of programs, libraries, games, documentation, utilities not used when downloading | ||
| var | private / var | Frequently changing files - email messages, logs, temporary files | |
| cdrom | |||
| opt | + | ||
| image | |||
| lost + found | |||
| media | |||
| selinux | |||
| srv | Folder for the Apache, the root of the documents instead of htdocs | ||
| net | mount for NFS drives | ||
| private | different folders are grouped here to restrict access | ||
| cores | place to save memory dumps when falling .. can be cleaned with a lack of space | ||
| Applications | All user-installed applications | ||
| Developer | |||
| Library | Generally available cross-program level files (for example, fonts) | ||
| Network | |||
| System | |||
| Users | home folders for real users, home extension | ||
Convenience of Unix syntax as I already said in flexibility, namely in control characters that are used with several commands
| | | pipe - transfer data from one command to another, for example ls -F | grep / |
| ; | sequential launch of commands, for example date; cal |
| > | redirect standard output to an overwritten file, for example ls / -F> list.txt |
| >> | redirect output to file with append to end |
| mv | renaming |
| rm | deletion |
| rm -rf | recursive delete |
| cat | merge files and stream |
| paste | line up file (s) |
| ln | link to file or folder |
| split | binary file sharing |
| join | combines two files line by line |
| cut | line by line (and / or) column cutting text from a file as from a matrix of characters |
| cat | sequential merging of two files and output to a terminal (or file) |
| sort | sort lines alphabetically |
| uniq | leave unique lines |
Since * Nixes are engaged in a whole range of different tasks, hence different distributions, with their own installers.
| Distributive | Package Installer | |
|---|---|---|
| Gentoo | emerge | |
| Debian. Ubunutu | apt-get update apt-get install ... dpkg - install The utility can be used to install the .deb package with the command: dpkg -i package_name.deb |
|
| Fedora | rpm -ivh ... yum -y install ... |
Look also at possible repositories. |
| Mandriva | urpm | |
| Slackware | yast zypper gzip, lzma |
In addition to the system general installers, there are specific installers for specific needs.
Text editors
| Vi | Vim | Nano | Gedit | Mate | Pico | Emacs | |
| Ubuntu | + | + | + | - | |||
| Mac os lion | + | + | - | + | + | + | |
| Debian 5 | + | + | + | - | + | - | |
| Suse 11 | + | - | - | - | - | - |
vi readme.txt
i - edit mode
esc - access to general mode
ZZ - save and exit
"- console mode
! q - exit without saving
wq - output with a record
Archivers
| gunzip | unzip .gz |
| bunzip2 | unzip .bz2 |
| tar -jxvf | unpack .tar |
| top | running processes See also htop, pstree |
| netstat | open connections for example open ports in Linux: netstat -atp | grep -i "listen" or netstat -tupl on the Mac: lsof -n -i4TCP | grep LISTEN |
| lsof | open files (for example open ports in a poppy: sudo lsof -i -P | grep -i "listen") |
| killall | kill the process by name. Sometimes you have to kill pointwise (for example, suspended mysql) by PID: kill -9 1566 |
| whereis | hint where process files are located |
| df -h | report on free HDD-memory (in readable form). To find large files on the server: find. -type f -size + 50000k -exec ls -lh {}; | awk '{print $ 9 ":" $ 5}' |
| w | list of users at the moment |
| opensnoop | tracking file pointer access |
Practically all constantly working programs - demons are in / etc / init.d / and have the start, stop, restart commands. Root rights are required to manage them. In some cases (Fedora) may have to use / sbin / service to access them.
| ssh | Remote connection |
| scp | Secure network copy over SSH from one server to another. The -r flag makes recursive copying of folders. For example:scp -r root@example.com:/srv/htdocs/ /home/html_sources/ |
| ab | (Apache Bench) - load testing (for example, with -r -c 100 -n 1000 parameters) |
| nc | (netcat) - direct socket connection |
| rsync | Synchronize rsync -av -e ssh --progress /local/source user@example.com:remote/target files rsync -av -e ssh --progress /local/source user@example.com:remote/target |
On the Mac, Apache2 is built in (enabled in the sharing settings) and it makes sense to enable .htaccess (see the AllowOverride directive)
| Linux | Mac osx | |
| Launch | /etc/init.d/httpd restart / etc / init.d / apache2 restart | / etc / apache2 / / usr / sbin / apachectl restart /private/etc/apache2/httpd.conf/private/var/log/httpd/access_log |
| Logs | / private / var / log / apache2 / access_log / private / var / log / httpd / access_log |
| Suse 11 | Mac osx |
| /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini / usr / share / php5 / / usr / lib64 / php5 / |
/private/etc/php.ini / usr / local / php5 / lib / php / extensions / |
MySQL's default settings are wired (you can ask mysqladmin to look at them), to overwrite your own, you need to put a my.cnf file in / etc (there is a sample in the support-files folder). The most useful utilities in the bin folder are mysql (direct console access to the server) and mysqldump (for migrating large databases).
If you are sitting on a Mac, but you want to use sqlyog through a virtual machine, you can share the connection ..
CREATE USER 'your_user_id'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password';
GRANT ALL ON your_database_name.* TO your_user_id@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password';
When you work quickly with the server itself, the commands most in demand
SHOW PROCESSLIST;
SHOW DATABASES;
CHECK TABLE;
REPAIR TABLE;
Control daemon
| Linux | Mac osx |
| /etc/init.d/mysql restart | / usr / local / mysql / bin / mysqld_safe / usr / local / mysql / bin / mysqladmin shutdown |
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LINUX operating system
Terms: LINUX operating system